High blood pressure

What is high blood pressure? It is a disease characterized by blood pressure readings above 140 mm Hg. Art. in this case, the patient is visited by headaches, dizziness and a feeling of nausea. The elimination of all the symptoms that have arisen can only be a specially selected therapy.

Arterial hypertension can be an independent disease or accompany various pathologies, being their symptom. Hypertension is one of the causes of coronary heart disease and severe kidney damage.

In patients with hypertension, the indicators often return to normal only after taking special medications, and surges can be observed regularly and for no apparent reason. It is completely impossible to cure the disease, but preventing serious consequences and learning to control your pressure is an achievable task.

Don't self-medicate. At the first sign of illness, consult a doctor.

causes

Until today, the exact reasons why essential hypertension might occur are unknown. There are the following risk factors:

• heredity;
• malnutrition;
• bad habits;
• violation of fat metabolism;
• kidney disease;
• Diabetes;
• stress;
• inactive lifestyle.

Classification of diseases

During a diagnostic examination, it is very difficult to determine the location of the concentration of pathological factors that cause an increase in pressure. The pathogenesis also has differences taking into account the varieties of the disease. There is the following classification of high blood pressure:

1. Essential pulmonary arterial hypertension - is considered one of the varieties of arterial hypertension, which is rare, but poses a great danger to human life. It is very difficult to identify this disease by symptoms, and even more difficult to treat. Pulmonary arterial hypertension is formed due to an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and, as a result, insufficient blood flow.
2. Smart. Symptoms of such high blood pressure are in the form of an increase in blood pressure up to 220/130. there is a radical change in the fundus and swelling of the optic nerve disc. If the diagnosis was made in time, then it is possible to cure this type of arterial hypertension.
3. Renovascular hypertension. The reasons for the formation of this type of disease are the presence of pathologies such as vasculitis, vascular atherosclerosis and malignant formations in the kidneys. The pathogenesis of the disease is reduced to the formation of a characteristic pressure, which can be represented by normal systolic and elevated diastolic blood pressure.
4. Labile arterial hypertension. For this type of disease, periodic normalization of pressure is characteristic. Patients suffering from this form of arterial hypertension are not called patients, since this condition is not a pathology. In some cases, after some time, blood pressure returns to normal.

Symptomatic high blood pressure and its types

Secondary arterial hypertension is a pathological process associated with diseases of the organs involved in the normalization of blood pressure. It has the following classification:

1. Hemodynamics - associated with violations of hemodynamic conditions due to organic pathology of large vessels. This form of symptomatic arterial hypertension is due to sclerosis of the walls of the aortic chamber, coarctation of the aorta, insufficiency of the aortic valve.
2. Neurogenic. This type of symptomatic arterial hypertension occurs due to diseases of the peripheral nervous system, brain damage, atherosclerosis.
3. Endocrinopathy. This form of symptomatic arterial hypertension is observed in hormonally active tumors of the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, diffuse toxic goiter.
4. Nephrogenic arterial hypertension. This type of symptomatic arterial hypertension occurs for the following reasons: inflammation of the kidneys, their compression, nephrolithiasis. Nephrogenic arterial hypertension is accompanied by a sudden, rapid and often malignant evolution. Nephrogenic hypertension is divided into two types: renovascular and parenchymal.
5. Medicinal. This form of symptomatic high blood pressure is associated with the use of drugs that increase blood pressure.

Symptoms

Before there are complications of arterial hypertension, it proceeds without certain manifestations. The only symptom of this disease is high blood pressure. The pathogenesis of hypertension is reduced to the formation of headaches in the back of the head and forehead, dizziness and unusual sounds in the ears.

Target organ damage

This type of high blood pressure symptoms first occurs due to the increased sensitivity of these organs to increased pressure. The first stage of circulatory disorders is characterized by the formation of headaches and dizziness. Subsequently, the patient has weakness, flashing black dots before his eyes, difficulty speaking. Such symptoms bother a person at an advanced stage of the disease. In addition, complications such as cerebral infarction and hemorrhage may occur.

Cardiac arrest

In this case, the pathogenesis of the disease is reduced to an increase in the left ventricle due to a compensatory reaction aimed at normalizing the tension of the wall. As a result, increased afterload, heart failure. When the heart is damaged, there is not the most favorable forecast, since such changes in its work are the cause of heart failure, sudden death and the development of ventricular arrhythmias. Characteristic symptoms are:

• pulmonary edema;
• difficulty in breathing at the time of physical activity;
• cardiac asthma.

In some cases, high blood pressure in children and adults causes pain in the region of the heart of some nature. They can visit a person in a state of rest or emotional overstrain without physical activity. The main manifestation of the presented chest pains is the impossibility of their elimination with the help of nitroglycerin.

The pathogenesis of this pathological process in some patients is reduced to the formation of shortness of breath at an early stage of the disease after the implementation of small loads or at rest. All this indicates characteristic changes in the heart muscle and the formation of heart failure. With such a disease, people have swelling in the lower extremities, the cause of which is the retention of sodium and water ions in the body.

If the lesion has affected the kidneys, then when passing a urine test, protein is found there, and microhematuria and cylindruria are also observed. Very rarely, the pathogenesis of the disease involves the occurrence of renal failure.

Eye damage

Not so often, this high blood pressure in children and adults affects sight, leading to decreased sensitivity to light and blindness. If there is visual impairment against the background of high blood pressure, patients have black dots before the eyes, fog or veil. The reasons for these changes are the violation of blood circulation in the retina. Complications can manifest as diplopia, visual impairment, or complete loss of vision.

Headache

This symptom is considered the most common in high blood pressure. It worries the patient at any time of the day or night. It can break out in nature and concentrate on the back of the head and then spread throughout the head area. Increased headache in arterial hypertension occurs when coughing, tilting the head. This may be accompanied by swelling of the eyelids and face. During massage in this case, in patients with arterial hypertension, there is an improvement in the outflow of blood through the veins, which leads to a decrease in pain until its complete disappearance.

There are cases when headaches against the background of the presented disease are the result of strained soft muscles of the head itself or tendons. The formation of such a pain syndrome occurs after psycho-emotional or physical overstrain. As a rule, such a pain squeezes or squeezes in nature. A patient with high blood pressure has a feeling of nausea, dizziness. In the presence of prolonged pain, incessant pain is characteristic, irritability occurs in patients, sensitivity to high-pitched sounds increases, they become angry.

Disease stages

For the correct setting of the stage of this pathological process, it is necessary to use the classification. It depends on the damage to the target organ. There are three stages of the disease.

Easy

This stage is characterized by a slight increase in blood pressure to 180/100 mm Hg. From Art. the pressure level is unstable. At rest in a patient with arterial hypertension, blood pressure indicators return to normal. Due to the fixation of the disease, the pressure inevitably increases. Quite often, people do not complain about the formation of disorders regarding their health. But for an easy step, its own symptoms are characteristic:

• headache;
• noise in the ears;
• poor sleep;
• mental decline;
• dizziness;
• nosebleed.

As a rule, there are no manifestations of left ventricular hypertrophy, the ECG does not show any abnormalities, the renal function without pathological changes, the fundus is not changed.

Medium

This stage is characterized by the presence of a higher and more stable level of blood pressure. It can reach 180 to 105 mm Hg. Art. patients often experience headache, dizziness, pain in the region of the heart, who have angina.

This stage is characterized by typical hypertensive crises. The pathogenesis of the disease involves the following signs of target organ damage:

• hypertrophy of the left;
• weakening of tone I at the top of the heart;
• tone accent II on the aorta;
• in some patients, ECG symptoms of subendocardial ischemia.

As for the central nervous system, there are various manifestations of vascular insufficiency, stroke, transient cerebral ischemia. For the fundus, in addition to reducing the arterioles, there is a compression of the veins, their increase, hemorrhages, exudates occur. Kidney blood flow and glomerular filtration rate for this stage are reduced. But it is impossible to detect these manifestations in the analysis of urine.

heavy

This stage of the disease is characterized by frequent strokes. They arise due to a significant and stable increase in blood pressure, as well as the progression of arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis of large vessels. At this stage, blood pressure reaches 230–120 mm Hg. From Art. there is no spontaneous normalization of blood pressure. In a severe stage, the disease affects the following organs:

• heart - angina, circulatory failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias are formed;
• brain - ischemic and hemorrhagic infarctions, encephalopathy is formed;
• ocular fundus;
• kidneys - low blood flow and glomerular filtration.

Risk factors

At present, the severity of the described disease directly depends on the risk facts. The risk lies in the formation of cardiovascular complications against the background of arterial hypertension. Given the presented complications, the prognosis of the consequences of arterial hypertension is diagnosed. There are the following risk factors that worsen the course of the disease and its prognosis:

• age - in men after 50 years, in women after 60 years;
• smoking;
• high cholesterol;
• hereditary factor;
• obesity;
• hypodynamia;
• Diabetes.

Presented risk factors may be eliminated (correctable) and may not be correctable. The first type of risk factors is characterized by the presence of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, physical inactivity. Uncorrected risk factors include race, family history, and age.

Considering the degree of high blood pressure and contributing factors of the disease, a forecast is observed with the formation of complications such as heart attack or stroke for the next 10 years.

With a mild degree of arterial hypertension and the absence of risk factors, the formation of complications from the cardiovascular system is minimized for the next 10 years. With non-drug therapy for a year and a revision of your lifestyle, it is possible to eliminate this degree of the pathological process. If pressure readings are above 140/90 mm Hg. Art. , then drug treatment is prescribed.

The average degree of risk is accompanied by the formation of complications against the background of arterial hypertension for 10 years in a ratio of 20%. Arterial hypertension of the 2nd degree is treated in the same way as the 1st degree, but here the dynamic control is also adjusted for six months. If there are poor blood pressure results and its stable maintenance, then drug treatment is carried out.

Risk factors of a high degree are accompanied by the formation of complications in 30%. In this situation, a patient with arterial hypertension is prescribed a comprehensive diagnosis in combination with non-drug treatment.

At very high risk, the patient is prescribed an urgent differential diagnosis of arterial hypertension and taking medication.

Diagnostic methods

Only after a thorough study can you prescribe an effective treatment and eliminate all manifestations of this disease. The diagnosis of high blood pressure is based on the following types of tests:

• ECG, glucose analysis and complete blood count;
• Ultrasound of the kidneys, determination of the level of urea, creatinine in the blood, general urinalysis - are carried out in order to exclude the renal nature of the formation of the disease;
• Ultrasound of the adrenal glands is advised if pheochromocytoma is suspected;
• analysis of hormones, ultrasound of the thyroid gland;
• brain MRI;
• Consultation with a neurologist and an ophthalmologist.

Effective therapy

Treatment of high blood pressure should be carried out under the constant supervision of a doctor. It is he who is obliged to make an accurate diagnosis, to carry out additional diagnoses, which includes checking:

• bottom;
• kidney function;
• the work of the heart.

After that, the specialist can prescribe antihypertensive therapy, determine various complications. As a rule, patients in whom the syndrome of arterial hypertension was first detected are hospitalized in order to carry out all the necessary studies and the choice of treatment.

Non-drug treatment

Such therapy is recommended for all patients, regardless of the degree of illness from the use of drugs. Such treatment for hypertension includes:

1. To quit smoking. It is very important to change your lifestyle, such changes are an excellent prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system.
2. Elimination of superfluous kilos. Being overweight is a common cause of high blood pressure. Diet therefore plays an important role in this regard. In addition, a balanced and proper diet has a beneficial effect on risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, myocardial hypertrophy.
3. Reduced salt intake. According to ongoing studies, a reduced amount of salt consumed at 4. 5 g/day helps reduce systolic blood pressure by 4-6 mm Hg. From Art.
4. Insignificant consumption of strong drinks.
5. Specially designed power supply. Your diet should include vegetables, fruits, foods rich in magnesium, potassium, potassium, fish, seafood. In addition, the diet involves a limited intake of animal fats.
6. Active lifestyle. Here, brisk walking for 30 minutes 3-4 times a week is very helpful. When performing isometric loads, you can cause an increase in blood pressure.

Medical treatment

Drug therapy should be prescribed taking into account the following recommendations:

1. Treatment begins with small doses of medication.
2. In the absence of a therapeutic effect, it is necessary to replace the use of one drug with another. The interval between degrees should be less than 4 weeks, provided that a rapid decrease in blood pressure is not required.
3. The use of long-acting drugs to achieve a 24-hour effect with a single dose.
4. Application of the optimal combination of devices.
5. The therapy must be permanent. It is not allowed to use the drug in classes.
6. Effective control of blood pressure throughout the year contributes to a gradual reduction in the dose and amount of drugs.

Preventive actions

Prevention of high blood pressure includes the following recommendations:

1. If you have family members with this disease and you are over 30, you should measure your blood pressure regularly.
2. Stop smoking and alcohol.
3. A diet low in fat and salt should be followed.
4. Exercise outdoors.
5. Avoid various stressful situations.
6. Maintain normal body weight.

With high blood pressure, a person can live a normal life well, but subject to all the recommendations described. Control of blood pressure in this case is one of the main elements of the successful treatment of the disease. Therefore, try not to trigger the disease and consult a doctor in a timely manner in order to avoid various serious complications.